Unable to start

The following failed to load:

Please refresh to try again

image for A Time for Global Action:image for A Time for Global Action:

A Time for Global Action:

HEALTH IN ACTION A Time for Global Action: Addressing Girls’ Menstrual Hygiene Management Needs in Schools (Click link to access full article)

Marni Sommer1*, Bethany A. Caruso2, Murat Sahin3, Teresa Calderon4, Sue Cavill3, Therese Mahon5, Penelope A. Phillips-Howard6

1 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America,

2 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America,

3 UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, United States of America,

4 UNICEF Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia,

5 WaterAid, London, United Kingdom,

6 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

4 ms2778@columbia.edu

Summary Points

• There is an absence of guidance, facilities, and materials for schoolgirls to manage their menstruation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

• Formative evidence has raised awareness that poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) contributes to inequity, increasing exposure to transactional sex to obtain sani- tary items, with some evidence of an effect on school indicators and with repercussions for sexual, reproductive, and general health throughout the life course.

• Despite increasing evidence and interest in taking action to improve school conditions for girls, there has not been a systematic mapping of MHM priorities or coordination of relevant sectors and disciplines to catalyze change, with a need to develop country-level expertise.

• Columbia University and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) convened members of academia, nongovernmental organizations, the UN, donor agencies, the pri- vate sector, and social entrepreneurial groups in October 2014 (“MHM in Ten”) to iden- tify key public health issues requiring prioritization, coordination, and investment by 2024.

• Five key priorities were identified to guide global, national, and local action.

 

 

References

  1. 1.Sommer M, Hirsch JS, Nathanson C, Parker RG (2015) Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue. Am J Public Health 105: 1302–1311. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525. pmid:25973831
  2. 2.Sommer M, Sahin M (2013) Overcoming the taboo: advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls. Am J Public Health 103: 1556–1559. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301374. pmid:23865645
  3. 3.Van der Walle E, Remme E (2001) Regulating Menstruation: Beliefs, Practices, Interpretations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • 4.McMahon SA, Winch PJ, Caruso BA, Obure AF, Ogutu EA, Ochari IA, et al. (2011) 'The girl with her period is the one to hang her head' Reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 11: 7. doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-11-7. pmid:21679414
  1. 5.Montgomery P, Ryus CR, Dolan CS, Dopson S, Scott LM (2012) Sanitary pad interventions for girls' education in Ghana: a pilot study. PLoS ONE 7: e48274. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048274. pmid:23118968
  2. 6.Mahon T, Fernandes M (2010) Menstrual hygiene in South Asia: a neglected issue for WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) programmes. Gender & Development 18: 99–113. doi: 10.1080/13552071003600083
  3. 7.Mason L, Nyothach E, Alexander K, Odhiambo FO, Eleveld A, Vulule J, et al. (2013) 'We keep it secret so no one should know'—a qualitative study to explore young schoolgirls attitudes and experiences with menstruation in rural Western kenya. PLoS ONE 8: e79132. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079132. pmid:24244435
  4. 8.Sommer M, Sutherland C, Chandra-Mouli V (2015) Putting menarche and girls into the global population health agenda. Reprod Health 12: 24. doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0009-8. pmid:25889785
  5. 9.Herz B, Sperling G (2004) What works in girls' education:evidence and policies from the developing world. Council on Foreign Relations.
  • 10.Chaaban J, Cunningham W (2011) Measuring the Economic Gain of Investing in Girls—The Girl Effect Dividend. Washington, DC: World Bank. 5753 5753.
  1. 11.Rihani A (2006) Keeping the Promise: Five Benefits of Girls Secondary Education Washington DC: McCauley and Salter.
  • 12.UNESCO (2012) Youth and skills: Putting education to work. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  1. 13.Census (2015) Bureau U.S.A Accessed March 20 2015:http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php
  • 14.Sommer M (2013) Menarche: a missing indicator in population health from low-income countries. Public Health Rep 128: 399–401. pmid:23997288
  1. 15.Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Brumback B, et al. (2012) Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 17: 380–391. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02927.x. pmid:22175695
  2. 16.Garn JV, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Rheingans RD, Freeman MC (2013) A cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on pupil enrollment and gender parity in enrollment. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 3: doi: 10.2166/washdev.2013.2217. pmid:24392220
  3. 17.Sommer M (2010) Where the education system and women's bodies collide: The social and health impact of girls' experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania. J Adolesc 33: 521–529. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.008. pmid:19395018
  4. 18.Thakur H, Aronsson A, Bansode S, Lundborg CS, Dalvie S, Faxelid E (2014) Knowledge, practices and restrictions related to menstruation among young women from low socioeconomic community in Mumbai, India. Frontiers in Public Health 2: 2–7. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00072
  5. 19.Alexander K, Oduor C, Nyothach E, Laserson K, Amek N, Eleveld A, et al. (2014) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in Kenyan Rural Schools: Are Schools Meeting the Needs of Menstruating Girls? Water 6: 1453–1466. doi: 10.3390/w6051453
  6. 20.Oduor C, Alexander K, Oruko K, Nyothach E, Mason L, Odhiambo F, et al. (2015) Schoolgirls’ experiences of changing and disposal of menstrual hygiene items and inferences for WASH in schools. Waterlines 34: 397–411. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2015.037
  7. 21.Fehr A (2011) Stress, menstruation and school attendance: effects of water access among adolescent girls in south Gondar, Ethiopia. Atlanta, GA: Emory University.
  • 22.Sommer M, Ackatia-Armah T (2012) The gendered nature of schooling in Ghana: hurdles to girls' menstrual management in school JENdA 20: 63–79.
  1. 23.Long J, Caruso B, Lopez D, Vancraeynest K, Sahin M, Andes K, et al. (2013) WASH in Schools Empowers Girls' Education in Rural Cochabamba: An Assessment of Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools. New York.
  • 24.Crofts T, Fisher WA (2012) Menstrual Hygiene in Ugandan Schools and investigation of low-cost sanitary pads. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2: 50–58. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2012.067
  1. 25.Phillips-Howard PA, Otieno G, Burmen B, Otieno F, Odongo F, Odour C, et al. (2015) Menstrual Needs and Associations with Sexual and Reproductive Risks in Rural Kenyan Females: A Cross-Sectional Behavioral Survey Linked with HIV Prevalence. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 24: 1–11. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5031
  2. 26.Oruko K, Nyothach E, Zielinski-Gutierrez E, Mason L, Alexander K, Vulule J, et al. (2015) 'He is the one who is providing you with everything so whatever he says is what you do': A Qualitative Study on Factors Affecting Secondary Schoolgirls' Dropout in Rural Western Kenya. PLoS ONE 10: e0144321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144321. pmid:26636771
  3. 27.Pearson J, McPhederan K (2008) A literature review of the non-health impacts of sanitation. Waterlines 27: 48–61. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2008.005
  4. 28.Mahon T, Tripathy A, Singh N (2015) Putting the men into menstruation: the role of men and boys in community menstrual hygiene management. Waterlines 34: 7–14. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2015.002
  5. 29.Chang YT, Lin ML (2013) Menarche and menstruation through the eyes of pubescent students in eastern Taiwan: implications in sociocultural influence and gender differences issues. J Nurs Res 21: 10–18. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0b013e3182829b26. pmid:23407333
  6. 30.Panakalapati G (2013) "Boys don't have knowledge about menstruation; they think it is a bad thing": Knowledge and Beliefs about Menstruation among Adolescent Boys in Gicumbi District, Rwanda’ Atlanta, GA: Emory University.
  • 31.Sommer M, Cherenack E, Blake S, Sahin M, Burgers L (2015) WASH in Schools Empowers Girls' Education: Proceedings of the Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conference 2014. New York, USA: United Nations Children's Fund and Colombia University.
  1. 32.Sumpter C, Torondel B (2013) A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS ONE 8: e62004. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062004. pmid:23637945
  2. 33.Grant MJ, Lloyd CB, Mensch BS (2013) Menstruation and School Absenteeism: Evidence from Rural Malawi. Comp Educ Rev 57: 260–284. pmid:25580018 doi: 10.1086/669121
  3. 34.Oster E, Thornton R (2011) Menstruation, Sanitary Products and School Attendance: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation. Am Econ J: Appl Economics 3: 91–100. doi: 10.1257/app.3.1.91
  4. 35.Mason L, Laserson K, Oruko K, Nyothach E, Alexander K, Odhiambo F, et al. (2015) Adolescent schoolgirls’ experiences of menstrual cups and pads in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study. Waterlines 34: 15–30. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2015.003
  5. 36.Kerubo E, Laserson K, Otecko N, Odhiambo C, Mason L, Nyothach E, et al. (2016) Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and the predictive value of girls’ symptom-based reporting: findings from a cross sectional survey in rural western Kenya. jSTI (in press). doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052371
  6. 37.Muralidharan A, Patil H, Patnaik S (2015) Unpacking the policy landscape for menstrual hygiene management: implications for school WASH programmes in India. Waterlines 34: 79–91. doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2015.008
  7. 38.Hahn RA, Truman BI (2015) Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity. Int J Health Serv doi: 10.1177/0020731415585986.
  8. 39.Jukes M, Simmons S, Bundy D (2008) Education and vulnerability: the role of schools in protecting young women and girls from HIV in southern Africa. AIDS 22 Suppl 4: S41–56. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000341776.71253.04. pmid:19033754
  9. 40.Biddlecom A, Gregory R, Lloyd CB, Mensch BS (2008) Associations between premarital sex and leaving school in four sub-Saharan African countries. Stud Fam Plann 39: 337–350. pmid:19248719 doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00179.x
  10. 41.Hargreaves J, Morison L, Kim J, Bonell C, Porter J, al. e (2008) The association between school attendance, HIV infection and sexual behaviour among young people in rural South Africa. J Epidemiol Community Health 62: 113–119. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.053827. pmid:18192598
  11. 42.Sommer M (2011) An overlooked priority: puberty in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health 101: 979–981. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300092. pmid:21493937
  12. 43.Blum R, Mmari K (2006) Risk and protective factors affecting adolescent reproductive health in developing countries: an analysis of adolescent sexual and reproductive health literature from around the world. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • 44.UNICEF (2014) MHM in Ten: advancing the MHM in WASH in Schools agenda. New York: UNICEF and Columbia University.
  1. 45.Phillips-Howard P, Caruso B, Torondel B, C C, Sahin M, Sommer M (2015) Menstrual Hygiene Management for Adolescent girls: Priorities and call for a research consortia (Concept Note).
Channels:
 
 
 
Channels:
Comments